However, since the suffix - less begins with a consonant, retain the - e in love when joining love and - less :. Exceptions to this rule include words in which - e should be retained but is dropped: acknowledgment , argument , awful , duly , judgment , ninth , truly , wholly , and wisdom.
Other exceptions include words ending in - ce or - ge in which - e is not dropped when you add - able or - ous : courageous , manageable , noticeable , outrageous , peaceable , serviceable , and traceable. You can eliminate the last nine words as exceptions to the rule by understanding why - e is not dropped from words ending in - ce or - ge when adding the suffixes - able and - ous.
The letters - c and - g are usually pronounced - s and - j before the letters - e and - i , but - k and - g before the letters - a and - o. The incorrect spelling noticable would mean that you would pronounce the - c as a - k rather than as an - s you would say notikable rather than notisable. Similarly, the incorrect spelling couragous would mean that you would pronounce the - g as a - g rather than as a - j you would say couragous rather than courajous. The - e is retained to preserve the - s and - j pronunciations of - c and - g.
Notice that the - y in study is preceded by the consonant - d and that they in destroy is preceded by the vowel - o :. Since the - y in study is preceded by a consonant, change - y to - i when adding a suffix:. On the other hand, since they in destroy is preceded by a vowel, do not change - y to - i when adding the suffix - ing :. In addition, when - y is preceded by a consonant, do not change - y to - i when adding the suffix - ing.
If the - y were changed to - i before adding - ing , then studying would be spelled studiing , which you should recognize as incorrect because few words contain the spelling - ii.
Except for daily , the exceptions to the Final - y Rule are words that you are not likely to use when you write: dryly , dryness , shyly , shyness , slyly , slyness , gaiety , and gaily. Final Consonant Rule 1 and Final Consonant Rule 2 pertain to words such as ship and commit , which end in one consonant preceded by one vowel. Below, the letter c indicates consonants, and the v indicates a vowel:.
Final Consonant Rule 1 explains how to join suffixes to one-syllable words that end in the cvc combination. Adding suffixes to words can be tricky to learn and master, but learning six basic suffix spelling rules will help you know how to use suffixes correctly. Keep in mind that there are some exceptions to each of the suffix rules.
Adding suffixes to some base words that end with a consonant requires doubling the last letter, but only in certain situations. When a word ends in a short vowel sound followed by a single consonant, the last letter of the word will need to be doubled before the suffix is added. When a word has more than one syllable and ends with the letter "l," you will need to double the "l" when adding the suffix. The rule for dropping the final silent "e" in a word is based on whether the first letter of the suffix is a vowel or consonant.
When a word ends in a silent letter "e" and you are adding a suffix that begins with a vowel, then drop the final "e. There are a few words that meet the criteria for dropping the silent "e" with a vowel suffix, but with which the "e" has to be kept. When the base word ends in the letters "ce" or "ge" and the suffix begins with the letters "a" or "o," the final "e" should stay.
There are a few scenarios that require keeping the "y" at the end of a word when adding a suffix. When a word ends with "y" and has a vowel before the "y," then keep the "y" when adding a suffix.
Another time to keep the "y" is if the suffix starts with the letter "i. There are times that the "y" at the end of the word has to be changed to an "i" in order to add a suffix. When the word has a consonant before the "y" at the end, you will need to change the "y" to "i" before adding the suffix. If you're simply picking a name and it doesn't mean anything otherwise, you can spell it in whatever fashion you so desire.
When for example, in large, do you really need to drop the -e instead of adding -d or -st instead? Hi, Nigel. I'm not sure I follow your question: the rule we discuss here is about dropping the "e" from the end of certain words when adding a vowel suffix, but "-d" and "-st" aren't vowel suffixes e. Can you clarify what you're seeking guidance on at all? What is the logic to keep "e" in case of Handleable. Suffix starts with a vowel and "e" in handle is a silent one.
Still Handlable is wrong and Handleable is correct. Hi, Abhinandan. Unfortunately, I'm not sure there is a logic to this one: some English words are just exceptions to the usual spelling rules, as a lot of it comes down to convention i.
Why is the e present in exchangeable but not purchasable? Hi, Jake. We cover this at the end of the post about exceptions to the general rules: i. Upload a document Instant Quote. Instant Quote Need more help perfecting your writing? Proofed has the perfect editor! Get An Instant Quote. Get Started. More Writing Tips? Read More On Our Blog. Trusted by thousands of leading institutions and businesses.
Make sure your writing is the best it can be with our expert English proofreading and editing. Let's Get Started. Try for free! Example Word. Modified Version. Liv e. Liv able. Dot e.
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