During the occupation, the United States began to covertly and overtly support opposition to the regime which consisted of armed Islamist groups, through military and financial aid to fight against the Soviet and Afghan governmental forces.
Regional powers including Pakistan, Iran and Saudi Arabia each supported their own factional groups, as ethnic awareness and consequent tensions mounted. According to UN reports, during the Soviet occupation, the country suffered serious damage, particularly in the intellectual sphere thereby damaging the foundation for the future. Torture was the most frequently used tool of the regime. Massive summary executions regularly took place and when, in September , the President of the time, Nur Mohammed Taraki, was ousted by his deputy, Hafizullah Amin, a list of 12, persons who had been executed in prison was posted on the walls of the Ministry of the Interior.
After the withdrawal of Soviet forces in February , a civil war commenced between the Soviet-supported government of President Mohammad Najibullah and the various Afghan factions supported by the US and known as the Mujahadin holy war fighters , who had fought against the Soviet troops until their withdrawal.
But with the departure of the common enemy, differences submerged during the war re-emerged and Mujahadin groups began to fight among themselves.
The civil conflict rapidly acquired an ethnic dimension as people from various localities fled their homes, changing the population dynamics of the state. As a result, the population of various localities fluctuated in the numbers of one or other ethnic group. The end of the communist regime yielded the discovery of three common graves, at Pol-i-charkhi in the suburbs of Kabul next to the central prison, and in the provinces of Bamyan and Herat.
The government was convinced that further investigations would reveal other such mass graves. The occupation and ensuing war led to more than 1 million deaths and forced 6 million people out of a total population of 16 million to seek exile in neighbouring countries. Further 2 million persons were internally displaced, several tens of thousands were disabled by anti-personnel mines, and the number of orphans and other persons left without families ran into the tens of thousands.
The UN offered to mediate in this conflict between various factions of the Mujahadin , proposing a peace plan, although this effort collapsed in April Strong opposition was mounted by Gulbuddin Hekmatyar, leader of the Hezb-e Islami faction of the Mujahadin , which represented the Pashtun population. Amnesty International subsequently reported the killing of unarmed civilians and rape of Hazara women.
In February , hundreds of Hazara residents in the Afshar district of West Kabul were massacred by government forces under Rabbani and Massoud, joined by Ittehad-i-Islami. This civil war between the various Afghan factions caused untold misery in the state. While many people sought to rebuild their lives, thousands of refugees also arrived from the borders.
There were severe abuses of human rights. Between April and August , according to the International Committee of the Red Cross, 13, people were killed and 80, wounded in Kabul alone. It was estimated that more children under the age of five died of disease in Afghanistan than in any other country during that period.
As in most conflicts, women and children were among those worst affected by the civil war. Strict purdah meant that many women spent most of their lives in seclusion, and cultural norms further limited their access to health services, education and training. With family structures broken, and men killed or absent, Afghan women took on heavy additional burdens, often including sole responsibility for children and disabled relatives.
The incoming Mujahidin government inherited merely the symbols, not the instrumentalities of a state. The army was also fragmented, leading to different groups claiming power across the country.
The conflict between the resistance commander Ahmad Shah Massoud, who occupied the centre of Kabul, and Gulbuddin Hekmatyar the leader of Pakistan-backed Hezb-e Islami escalated and continued until During this time the education and health infrastructure of the state were severely undermined. Disillusioned with the continued instability, former Mujahidin coalesced around a new leader, Mullah Mohammad Omar, originally from Qandahar.
The Taliban were constituted overwhelmingly of Pashtuns and recruited students from Deobandi madrassas in Pakistan. Non-Afghan radicals also joined the Taliban. The Deobandi movement was founded in in India and started out as a revivalist Islamic movement, but is now seen as orthodox and ultra-conservative.
Their madrassas , or Islamic schools, are run in many countries around the world. Effective on the battlefield, the Taliban quickly gained ground. In , they took control of the western city of Herat, thereby cutting strategic supply links between Iran and the government in Kabul.
In September , Massoud was forced to retreat from Kabul, and the Taliban took control. In , the Taliban named the country the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan and set about enforcing a harsh vision of Islam in areas under their control. Taliban policies severely restricted the movement and dress of women, as well as required men to grow beards and refrain from Western clothing; enforcement was through the notorious Ministry of Promotion of Virtue and Prevention of Vice — including through the application of corporal punishment.
Massoud reconstituted the opposition Northern Alliance with the northern Panjshir Valley as his base. Meanwhile, Osama bin Laden, the leader of the extremist al-Qaeda movement, had returned to Afghanistan and developed close ties with Mullah Omar.
Al-Qaeda fighters fought alongside Taliban. Originally from Saudi Arabia, bin Laden had previously fought with the Mujahidin. The Taliban, accused of sheltering the instigators of the attacks, collapsed in the face of a sustained US-led bombing campaign of the country. Despite the assassination of Massoud by suicide bombers posing as journalists just a couple of days before the 11 September attacks, the Northern Alliance forces entered and recaptured Kabul with US support.
The initial steps towards rebuilding the country were taken through the signing of a peace agreement — the Bonn Agreement signed between various factions in Bonn, Germany in December The internationally brokered agreement sought to create a governance structure for Afghanistan after the demise of the Taliban. The agreement sought to put in place transitional institutions pending the establishment of permanent government institutions.
A constitutional Loya Jirga consisting of representatives of the various ethnic groups within the state was held within 18 months of the establishment of the ATA, in order to adopt a new Constitution. Hamid Karzai served initially as interim leader and then as elected President from December to September A new Afghan National Army was created through presidential decree.
During this period an effective police force was also established. Despite the introduction of some element of democracy in Afghanistan the country continued to be plagued by violence and insecurity, including as a result of retaliatory Taliban attacks.
This figure subsequently dropped in the following years as the heightened security tensions and the destitute conditions led to further displacement. Although the Hazara vote was split, the majority of voters lent their support to Abdullah Abdullah — who is of mixed Pashtun and Tajik ethnicity but is identified with the latter — and who represented a vote for change in the eyes of many. During this period, however, the root problems of corruption, ethnic division and exclusion failed to be addressed.
Continued violence, particularly for minorities such as Hazaras, persisted as Taliban militants appeared to gain in strength. This period, from onwards, saw the first incidents by ISIS-affiliated groups as well, with attacks targeted against security forces, officials and also minorities. In terms of the relations between the different ethnic groups within the state, it can be stated that the Pashtuns have largely dominated Afghan politics though other ethnic groups, notably the Tajiks, have, at various stages of history also maintained a strong political influence.
Many attribute the worsening of ethnic relations and the emerging tensions between the groups to the Afghan-Soviet war which is said to have changed society significantly. Jurisprudence concerning blasphemy and apostasy has been used to harass religious minorities.
Although there have not been any recent prosecutions, representatives of minority communities state that the fact that the provisions exist mean that they are hesitant to express their faiths publicly.
Individuals who convert from Islam are particularly fearful of retribution by both the government and their families. Article 84 of the Constitution mandates that women should hold 50 percent of the seats in the House of Elders upper house and Article 83 requires each of the 34 provinces to send two female delegates to the House of the People lower house.
The parliamentary elections saw The law on the elimination of violence against women was passed by Presidential Decree in But even as of , it had not yet been approved by parliament, which is necessary in order to enshrine its status in Afghan law.
Use and implementation of the law lags behind. While violence against women and girls is increasingly being catalogued and reported, the law is rarely applied. The law does not have any provisions for the potential intersectional discrimination faced by minority women and does not mention ethnicity or religious identity.
Afghan Aid Website: www. Hazara Network Website: www. Sign up to Minority rights Group International's newsletter to stay up to date with the latest news and publications. Since August, MRG has been assisting Afghan minority activists and staff from our partner organizations as their lives and their work came under threat with the return of the Taliban.
We need your help. For the last three years, we at MRG have run projects promoting freedom of religion and belief across Asia. In Afghanistan we have fostered strong partnerships with amazing local organizations representing ethnic and religious minorities. They were doing outstanding work, educating minority community members about their rights, collecting evidence of discrimination and human rights abuses, and carrying out advocacy. Not all have been able to flee. Many had no option but to go into hiding.
Some did not have a valid passport. Activists can no longer carry out the work they had embarked on. They can no longer draw a salary, which means they cannot feed their families. With a season of failed crops and a cold winter ahead, the future is bleak for too many. We refuse to leave Afghanistan behind. We are asking you today to stand by us as we stand by them.
We will also use your donations to support our Afghan partners to pay their staff until they can regroup and make new plans, to use their networks to gather and send out information when it is safe to do so, and to seek passports and travel options for those who are most vulnerable and who have no option but to flee to safety. Azadeh worked for a global organization offering family planning services.
Standing for everything the Taliban systematically reject, Azadeh had no option but to flee to Pakistan. MRG is working with our partners in Pakistan to support many brave Afghans who have escaped Afghanistan because of their humanitarian or human rights work or their faith. They are now in various secure locations established by our local partners on the ground in Pakistan. Although they are safer in Pakistan than Afghanistan, Hazara Shia and other religious minorities are also persecuted there.
We need your help, to support those who put their lives on the line for basic human rights principles we all believe in: equality, mutual respect, and freedom of belief and expression. The situation on the ground changes daily as more people arrive and some leave. Aluminium mining in Baphlimali, India, has caused environment devastation and has wrecked the lifestyle of thousands of Adivasis.
For centuries, Adivasi communities like the Paraja, Jhodia, Penga and Kondh have been living amidst the Baphlimali foothills. For generations they have lived in harmony with nature. Then you will be able to mark statistics as favourites and use personal statistics alerts.
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Corporate solution including all features. Statistics on " Current political situation of Afghanistan " The most important statistics.
The most important statistics. Further related statistics. Further Content: You might find this interesting as well. Learn more about how Statista can support your business. They speak a Persian dialect known as Dari.
Tajiks' meals range from sweet dishes such as Halwa to savory ones such as Pulao spiced rice. Tajiks are famous for their elaborate embroideries on fabric. These beautiful patterns are also found on their carpets, wall hangings and head pieces. Decorative carvings on stone can be seen in Tajik homes.
Hazaras occupy the rugged central highlands regions in Afghanistan. Hazaras are said to be descendants of Genghis Khan, the founder of the Mongol Empire. Hazaras belong to the Shia sect of Islam in a country that is mostly Sunni Muslim. As a result, they are often viewed as outsiders. They are Sunni Muslims and occupy the Northern region of Afghanistan.
They speak Uzbek, a Turkic language. Aimaqs live in Western Afghanistan. Women adorn themselves in brightly colored clothes while men wear cloaks and round caps.
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